Adverse Effect Of Alcohol Consumption - 1321 Words

The Adverse Effect of Alcohol Consumption In Whiting S. Albert’s article â€Å"Alcohol Use Is Harmful† he stated that alcohol is a chemical that contains hydrogen and carbon. Whiting stated further that the active ingredient of alcohol is ethyl alcohol, which is also known as ethanol. Alcohol is one of the few things that human being consume that do not need digestion. Alcohol appears the bloodstream immediately, thus, its intoxicating effects are felt instantly (1). â€Å"High levels of mortality, morbidity, and social malaise are associated with abuse of alcohol, and increasing numbers of women and youth are abusing alcohol† (Ferreira and Darryn 1). â€Å"Alcohol slows down the function of all living cells, especially those in the brain† (Whiting 1), which causes thinking to be impaired. Alcohol is probably the most used drug worldwide. â€Å"Three in ten adults 18 years of age and over have had alcoholism and/or engaged in alcohol abuse at some point in their lives †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Impa ct of Alcoholism† 1). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"Excessive drinking includes binge drinking, heavy drinking, and any drinking by pregnant women or people younger than age 21. Binge drinking, the most common form of excessive drinking, is defined as consuming: for women, 4 or more drinks during a single occasion, and for men, 5 or more drinks during a single occasion. Heavy drinking, however, is defined as consuming: for women, 8 or more drinks per week, and for men, 15 or more drinks perShow MoreRelatedThe Consumption Of Energy Drinks Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesenergy drinks are based on individual ingredients, with caffeine being identified as the ingredient with the greatest potential for intakes of possible health concern. Excess consumption of energy drinks is expected to result in health consequences similar to those from excess intake of caffeine. The mild and transient health effects include anxiety, headache and insomnia, all of which can become chronic conditions. More severe health consequences include irregu lar heartbeat, heart attack and rarely,Read More alcohol and advertising Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism andRead MoreFirst World Health Assembly Case Study965 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding a framework convention on alcohol control (WHA 71/1 Add. 1) was tabled. The Draft Resolution urges Member States to contribute extra budgetary resources to permit implementation of the resolution and impose the following binding obligations: 1. Tax alcohol products: this includes the obligation to implement tax policies with adjustments for inflation, price policies, and restrictions on importation of tax-free or duty-free alcohol products. 2. Regulate alcohol product disclosures by requiringRead MoreEssay on Prenatal Substance Abuse954 Words   |  4 Pagesnot only the fetus, but that of the mother. 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In the journal article â€Å"The Use of Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages Among Underage Drinkers: Results of a National Survey† they examine the relationship between the tendencies underageRead MoreShould There Be Legal Age For Drinking Alcohol? Essay750 Words   |  3 Pagesthere be legal age for drinking alcohol? there is always a question that why alcohol is not banned .alcohol have destroyed many lives and it is still destroying .youngsters find it cool to drink alcohol so they get easily get attracted to it .when a person drinks alcohol he loses his control on himself .if a person is alcoholic the chances a person can commit crime increases. Alcohol should be ban because it is destroying our youngsters, health and psychological. Alcohol is the worst a person can beRead MoreEssay On Maternal Drinking In Aotearoa1097 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of children affected by FASD is in the thousands. McLeod, Pullon, Cookson, Cornford (2002) study, concluded that a quarter of pregnant New Zealand women had consumed alcohol at twenty-four weeks. Further, the 2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey found that one in four pregnant women reported having consumed alcohol at some point throughout pregnancy (Ministry of Health, 2010). However, studies in the United States suggest that the prevalence of FASD to be a conservative 1% in AotearoaRead MoreAddiction As A Relationship By Jean Kilbourne1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe amount of advertisements for substances is out of control. The public is being forced to witness the death of our society with every commercial promoting the wonderfulness of alcohol and that only with alcohol your life can be truly meaningful and full of friends and family. After reading the essay â€Å"Addiction as a Relationship† by Jean Kilbourne, I didn’t really understand the death grip that these companies’ had on consumers until now. Kilbourne made excellent points in her writing. The mainRead MoreAlcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage1362 Words   |  6 Pagesdrug ethanol which is informally called alcohol. [Wikipedia] Most countries implement laws regulating alcoholic drinks production, sale and consumption because of their potential for abuse which may cause physical dependence and increase their risk of alcohol-related harm. [1] [Minimum Age Limits Worldwide. International Center for Alcohol Policies. Retrieved 2009-09-20.] In Australian society, alcohol has many roles. Many Australians take alcohol mostly for relaxation, enjoyment and forRead MoreWhat are the Causes of Alcholism and How Can We Prevent It? Essay1083 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history alcohol has been a common drink in social and celebration environments. However in today’s society it is easily accessible, very cheap, and advertised on every channel available. Alcohol has taken over our society, from teenagers to seniors, everyone is exposed to the culture of drinking. That is not the issue though, the issue is in today’s society gluttony is a common virtue and many people take drinking beyond social and celebration environments. Many Americans suffer from a

Essay about Arguments and Opposition to the Constitution

Use your knowledge of the era of 1785-1788 and the documents provided to answer the following question: What were the major arguments that surfaced in opposition to the new Constitution proposed in 1787? How did supporters of the Constitution counter those arguments? Previous attempts to change the Articles of Confederation had failed because the approval of every state was required. There was often one or more recalcitrant member of the union. For example, Rhode Island even refused to take part in the framing; opposition to a new constitution was certainly formidable. Consequently, the Convention discarded the provision of unanimous approval and adopted the notion that the new Constitution would pass with only the approval of nine†¦show more content†¦They would not agree to ratify such a proposal unless a Bill of Rights was crafted to limit Congress’s powers and protect the rights of the citizens. Those in favor of the Constitution proposal argued that there must be a prime leader to run things smoothly. They agreed that the leader would not hold too much power, and that his decisions would be in favor of the people. In his paper The Federalist, James Madison advocates the idea of a centralized government. â€Å"Extend the sphere,† he writes, â€Å"and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests.† The Federalists designed the Constitution so there were no constraints on the ability of the central government to use its military power and its fiscal powers, its taxing and borrowing authority. According to the Federalists, the governments ability to borrow was critical to its ability to act militarily, especially in times of crisis. They also believed that the ability to tax its citizens was crucial for a government to borrow successfully. Taxing powers provided credibility and a means for servicing debt and for repayment. The Federalists argued that the nation, as it was currently, was unprepared for defense should foreign countries be plotting against the United States. They maintained the need for a Union, for credit, and for the ability to borrow money and tax. Federalists believed that their new constitution gave the governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Flag Resolution Act Of The United States1623 Words   |  7 Pagesmake no law prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press . . . to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.†(U.S Constitution) Throughout the rest of the country s history, Congress has pushed for a Flag Desecration Act and even further as an amendment to the U.S Constitution. While the ignore the Supreme Court and their constituents who value their 1st amendment rights, the decided to proposed a Flag Desecration amendment. The Flag DesecrationRead MoreEssay Federalist1178 Words   |  5 Pages The Constitution came out to a world full of criticism. To put to sleep many of the objections that the critics had to the Constitution a number of those in favor of it such as Hamilton, Madison and John Jay wrote the Federalist. While there were many arguments for the Constitution, there were two that played a major part in American life. The first major argument was that the powers of the government came directly or indirectly from the common people. The second argument stated thatRead MoreStereotypical Portrayal Of Homosexuals And The Homophobia Towards Homosexuals1656 Words   |  7 Pages(Nussbaum,46-47). The similarities Nussbaum finds between other special groups in the United States makes her argument for why sexuality should be treated the same way as these groups in cases like Lawrence and Griswold. If sexual orientation were treated the same way religion race, and gender are in the Court system, then same-sex couples should not be denied the right to marriage. There are arguments for support of same-sex marriage that do not fall under any social definition of marriage or that it isRead MoreThe Core Sparks Of The Syrian Civil War1423 Words   |  6 Pagessubsequent arguments, and by looking at the structure of the government and argument will be made about the nature of authoritarian regimes in sustaining social capital in developing countries. Also, this argument will lead to an examination of the suppression of civil society in Syria which contributed significantly to sparking the civil war. Syria has historically been a perpetrator or crimes against their people, even prior to the start of the civil war, and this paper will make the argument that thoseRead MoreEssay about The Case for Gay Marriage1673 Words   |  7 Pagestheir cause using both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution to provide strong arguments for the legalization of gay marriage. They have clearly demonstrated that the suppression of marriage between two homosexuals is an encroachment on the Separation of Church and State, the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment, and one’s Pursuit of Happiness. To begin, the argument most commonly expressed by the opposition to gay marriage is that marriage, to most Americans, is definedRead MoreFederalist vs. Anti-Federalist Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagesaccepting the Constitution of the United States was neither easy nor predetermined. In fact during and after its drafting a wide-ranging debate was held between those who supported the Constitution, the Federalists, and those who were against it, the Anti-Federalists. The basis of this debate regarded the kind of government the Constitution was proposing, a centralized republic. Included in the debate over a centralized government were issues concerning the affect the Constitution would haveRead MoreEssay on Pierre Elliot Trudeau1205 Words   |  5 Pagesend to the October Crisis by putting into effect the War Measures Act. Finally, Trudeau amended the Constitution which gave Canadians a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Pierre Elliot Trudeau was a successful Prime Minister who accomplished his goals despite facing enormous opposition. While accomplishing his goal of a bilingual Canada, Pierre Elliot Trudeau encountered enormous opposition. In 1969, the Official Languages Act was passed by parliament and bilingualism became law. 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And lastly because of the misleading information, about U.S. forces taking a backseat, that the administration provided congress to enforce their argument that we were not involved in hostilities. As I statedRead MoreLincoln And The Suspension Of Habeas Corpus1381 Words   |  6 Pagesto the president through the Habeas Corpus Act of 1863. Lincoln’s opposition objected this decision believing that Lincoln took it â€Å"upon himself† to take â€Å"legislative power† (Taney 293). However, since Congress had the power, they enabled the President to be the one to preserve the public safety of individuals and preserve all other civil liberties by suspending one temporarily, ultimately making it constitutional. The Constitution speaks on the particular circumstances that are subject to the suspension

Development in Planning and Environment in NSW

Question: Discuss about the Development in Planning and Environment in NSW. Answer: Introduction There are some purposes of the Development Planning and Environment Services in NSW. The main aim of this organization is to create good places for housing and business process. It also focuses to safeguard the green spaces of the community and the natural resources. There are establishment of some policies, which helps to sustain the environmental health of the community for example, Alpine Resorts, building Subdivisions and Safety Campaigns, bushfires, coastal policy, Government agreements and Forums, State Significant Sites, Development Assessments and Operations, Environment and Heritage, Industrial Hazards, Housing, Mining and Resources, Planning System Circulars and finally the Building Systems Circulars. These policies are tough to implement and it needs a serious team of employees who takes the responsibility of executing these policies. In that case, if all the operations have to be done manually then lots of time are consumed. Therefore, the decision to introduce the e-Plan ning service is very much wise and appropriate ( Deng et al. 2017). This research paper includes the different software tools of the ePlanning services. The detail functions and utilities of these ePlanning tools are given vividly in this research paper (Piracha 2015). There are also some instructions and short critical analysis for the betterment of the ePlanning services. The goals of the ePlanning program accelerate the quality, durability, and consistency of planning data across NSW. Moreover, it also helped to improve transparency, greater confidence in the planning system and time and cost savings. More than 85,000 users have used the ePlanning tools in the first five months after the launch on 28 July 2014. It can be said that there exists approximately 66 State policies and that outline the NSW Governments approach which interacts with planning matters and very particular to the State and people of NSW. State policies are mainly legislated by the Governor only if the Minister for Planning suggests the governor. Description of ePlanning The ePlanning programme in the North South Wales of Australia Planning and Environment system helps to complete the work in this department in a more easy way. The Department of Planning and Environment formulates different plans and strategies for maintain the balance in planning of different houses and buildings for various purposes as well looking that the natural resources that is the environment does not get affected by the planning system. The ePlanning is the application of technology in this department for online lodging and tracking applications. It helps the council and departments to keep in mind and observe the planning information on an interactive map, which is totally controlled by website. This ePlanning system is primarily the revolutionized system of conventional paper based work where every person has to come to the department to fulfill his or her work. It also enables the new stakeholders to be in touch with the planning information (Franco-Trigo et al.2017) . Be fore the existence of the ePlanning, the interactions between the departments, council and communities could not be done in the business hour.Thus, the work is delayed for this and it took a long time to finish the work. Some examples of the use of ePlanning in NSW It can be said that NSW used computers long before the application of eplanning. The characteristic, type, aim and the prevalence f the computers of the application has been transformed from a very long period. Thus, in this planning system the application of the technology has been modified along with the evolution of the computer software. .In modern day different computer software and applications are utilized for planning specific and generic purpose. More or less all planning authorities in the world regularly use these upgraded software. It can be said that planning methods and connected computer software applications are specifically divided into two divisions. The first is generic and strategic planning specific. The examples of generic tools are mapping, databases, spreadsheets, scheduling software and internet-based data collection or delivery of services. The generic tools are hugely utilized for daily planning integrating the assessment of development and growth. The plan ning specific implements are mainly related with the strategic planning. In ePlanning system of NSW there is use of software application for example, electronic lodgment and tracking. Now, there is an explanation of these software equipments. Application Tracking is the online program that helps the planning developers to supervise the improvement in the work. The main goal of this software is to easily track, simplify and help in development methods. This system is presently used in some of the local councils of NSW. NSW also supports the local councils to use this computer application. The second software is the Electronic Housing Code ( EHC) is the online programe that permits the creators to assess that whether they can develop any planning approvals by using a fast tracked approval process. The creators can accommodate or lodge and track yielding development applications online. Hence, for this the creators of this planning can access the information at anywhere. The third one is the interactive building, which is free online software that helps the planning developers to understand the development criteria for general building works, which needed no permissions for any approvals (Sheng et al. 2014). These tools support the developers to advice and suggest on simple language in context to residential, commercial and the industrial buildings. The fourth software tool is the planning viewer that indicates that what type of planning rules can be applied to characteristics in NSW. This software enables handling google-maps technology and indirectly allows them to perception that what kind of rules may be applicable to individual land parcels. It can be said that this type of software enables the planning developers to quickly observe that whether the multistory buildings can be permitted. Inspite of the ePlanning used in the planning and environment development in NSW, the ability for online planning services in Australia has not been utilized for public participatory planning. It can be also said that online participatory planning mechanisms are not consistent with the centralizing of planning. There are some examples, which signify the consequences of the ePlanning system in North South Wales. For example, numerical statistics shown by this indicates that more than 20,000 visitors have opened the new portal of ePlanning tools in the first 30 days of them becoming available. Another example of this is one of the visitor of this website was Philip Graus from Cox Richardson Architects and Plannersin Sydney who expressed his satisfaction regarding the ePlanning tools in the news channel. Philip Graus from Cox Richardson Architects and Plannersin Sydney also opined positive views in the Government news. Mr Graus said that the planning system in one-way or other is very complicated and everybody becomes very confused due to this (Martin and Rice 2015). This system is very up to date and applicable in present day life. As he belongs to this profession he can understand that the importance of this ePlanning. He also denotes the fact that any person can observe the rules and the mode of development according to his or her choice. He also said that the ePlanning tools could be upgraded by sorting out a checklist before submitting a DA, so that people could not progress until the application was complete, and by giving people, an overview of what was going to happen in their area. He said that there must be a strategic plan, which can access things for the future. Another ePlanning feature is Interactive Buildings. The explanation of this tool is given before. This helps a company or the individual who click on a 3-D image of a residential, commercial and industrial building and helps to rectify and check the development quality for common minor building work. Interactive Buildings help to in dent up 150 visits per day, mostly from people enquiring about fences, carports and balconies, air condition units, aerials, swimming pool, solar energy system, garden sheds and green houses (Potschin 2016). The Interactive Buildings tool provides the opportunity to watch the interactive models of commercial and industrial change of use. It can be said that the tool enabled a simple visual breakdown of low impact developments exempt from planning and building approvals Benefits and Pitfalls of ePlanning It can be said that the $ million project is useful in modernization the planning and environmental system by the utilization of technology and digitization of this planning assistance. The Department has launched the ePlanning tools systematically. The first part was released in July 2014. The second phase was rescheduled in 2015. These two parts were integrated were integrated and the tools were implemented into the NSW planning portal. The ePlanning portal was further upgraded in 2016. There are certain expectations and utility of this ePlanning system. The community or the people in Sydney and other areas of North South Wales expect that there must be deliverance of reliable planning information. The stakeholders demand that there must be a routine upgradation of the tools, which will provide minute details of the planning services (Leung 2015). The prime demand of the community is the availability of the government data in the ePlanning system. Then the facts of the ePlanning must be specifically based on evidence. It can be said that the successful application of the ePlanning program can only be gained through the alliance between NSW Government agencies and local governments. Another significant thing, which must be kept in mind that in order to obtain specific information it is not compulsory that not everybody must know E nglish so the planning information and the instructions of the tools, must be given in other vernacular and local languages (Williamson and Parolin 2013) . There are also some specific objects and importance of this ePanning service. The first positive aspect of the ePlanning is betterment in providing proper customer eservices to access their relevant information. This service gives assistance to the customers by helping them to quickly filling and processing the applications. The second thing is that the ePlanning service must be very crucial in assessing the development of building according to the choice of location and the environmental factors related to it. The ePlanning service must furnish purposeful information on development activity and it must help the customers in taking proper decisions (Isobel, Foster and Edwards 2015). It also helps the businessperson to sort out the investment areas and create jobs accordingly. The main criteria of the Planning and Environment process are to look after the fact that the infrastructure of building companies or organization and the house complex does not deteriorate the environmental condition of the area (Galliers and Leidner 2014). There are policies and guidelines fall into five key topics in context to the proper environment regulation of a particular area. In relation to human being only, there are some things, which are to be considering such as the health and safety, heritage, social and economic matters (Gifford 2016). Then, in context to building infrastructures, there are industrial, commercial and residential structures, which are analyzed minutely so that it does not harm the surrounding in any ways or other (Guy, McIlgorm and Waterman 2014). When it comes to the land for the sustenance of the natural resources certain matters must be in consideration such as the flora, fauna, landforms and the terrestrial environmental quality (Harris-Roxas et al . 2014). Air and water are the main sources of the pollution, hence in that context the hydrological processes and the quality of the water must be checked and kept in consideration and the quality of the air and the atmospheric odour (Ansell, Gibson and Salt 2016). Thus, these factors must be kept in mind regarding these factors while developing of the ePlanning tools (Marques, Da Cruz and Pires 2015) . The ePlanning tools must be developed in such a way that it can detect and critically analyze the environmental factors (Fallon and Sullivan 2014). There are certain recommendations for the improvement of the ePlanning service is that the SIX Viewer must be applicable as the plat-form for e-planning to collate, integrate, manage and display planning information from councils and relevant NSW Government agencies to facilitate and increase the appropriation of the ePlanning initiatives (Setegn and Donoso ed, 2015). There must be development of protocols in such a way that it must have a quality approach and attitude for the exchange and management of the planning information. The effectual conveyance of the planning service must be traverse in certain things such as the electronic Development Assessments. There must be an attitude of sparing and following certain codes to make this ePlanning service more effective. Finally, the tool must be able to apply the 149-Planning certificate. The Section149Planningcertificateis a legal document that confirms the zoning and applicable rules for development of ones property. Critical analysis of the E-Planning service Hence, it can be said that there are various benefits of the new ePlanning services. However, there are still options to upgrade and develop more e-tools so that it can help the people to deal easily with the planning services. Hence, the introduction of the development of the e-Planning system is very much beneficial for the the people who works in the Planning and Environment Development (Giles-Corti et al. 2014) . It is known that the aboriginal and the native people has much affinity to their mother tongue, so in that context the linguistic applications of the ePlanning must be based on local languages so that there is no disparity or conflict due to this reason (Bunkerand Troy 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be inferred that the modern world is nothing without internet and websites. If one observe everywhere like in any office, departmental stores, schools and colleges there is utilization of computers and internets. Rather computer has been shifted to iPads and tabs which is very comfortable to carry in every place. The using of computers and laptops has become an inevitable part in studying and learning things. The internet sources are also very helpful in research works and other purposes. In banking sector, the savings and security of all the people are kept secured with the help of e-resources. Hence, with the help of the e banking can also do the transaction and withdrawal of money. One can buy things such as clothes; other amenities of home can be brought by online purchasing. Hence, in this situation the ePlanning service is the necessary thing in the Planning and Environment Services. The foremost thing for which there is necessary of the ePlanning is that it helps to complete the work very fast. It saves time of the people. Then by applying different software tools such as interactive building and other software tools helps to select the types of building, its colour and other things which is associated with the commercial building and house complex. There is software, which helps in tackling the google-maps technology and permits them to perception that rules, which may be applicable to individual land, parcels. Nevertheless, there should be continuous up gradation of this ePlanning otherwise, the department will unable to be in track with the whole process. Finally, it can be concluded that ePlanning service is very much fruitful for the Planning and Environment services. References Ansell, D., Gibson, F. and Salt, D., 2016.Learning from agri-environment schemes in Australia. Investing in biodiversity and other ecosystem services on farms. ANU Press. Bunker, R. and Troy, L., 2015. The changing political economy of the compact city and higher density urban renewal in Sydney. Deng, D., Liu, S., Wallis, L., Duncan, E. and McManus, P., 2017. Urban Sustainability Indicators: how do Australian city decision makers perceive and use global reporting standards?.Australian Geographer, pp.1-16. Fallon, D.S. and Sullivan, C.A., 2014. Are We There Yet? NSW local governments progress on climate change.Australian Geographer,45(2), pp.221-238. Franco-Trigo, L., Hossain, L.N., Durks, D., Fam, D., Inglis, S.C., Benrimoj, S.I. and Sabater-Hernndez, D., 2017. Stakeholder analysis for the development of a community pharmacy service aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease.Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,13(3), pp.539-552. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gifford, R., 2016.Research methods for environmental psychology. John Wiley Sons. Giles-Corti, B., Badland, H.M., Mavoa, S., Turrell, G., Bull, F., Boruff, B., Pettit, C., Bauman, A.E., Hooper, P., Villanueva, K. and Astell-Burt, T., 2014. Reconnecting urban planning with health: a protocol for the development and validation of national liveability indicators associated with noncommunicable disease risk behaviours and health outcomes. Guy, J.A., McIlgorm, A. and Waterman, P., 2014. Aquaculture in Regional Australia: Responding to trade externalities. A Northern NSW case study.Journal of Economic Social Policy,16(1), p.115. Harris-Roxas, B., Haigh, F., Travaglia, J. and Kemp, L., 2014. Evaluating the impact of equity focused health impact assessment on health service planning: three case studies.BMC health services research,14(1), p.371. Isobel, S., Foster, K. and Edwards, C., 2015. Developing family rooms in mental health inpatient units: an exploratory descriptive study.BMC health services research,15(1), p.238. Leung, C.S., Elbanhawi, M., Mohamed, A., Clothier, R., Fisher, A. and Simic, M., 2015. Path planning for autonomous soaring MAVs in urban environments. InAIAC16: 16th Australian International Aerospace Congress(p. 324). Engineers Australia. Marques, R.C., da Cruz, N.F. and Pires, J., 2015. Measuring the sustainability of urban water services.Environmental Science Policy,54, pp.142-151. Martin, N. and Rice, J., 2015. Improving Australia's renewable energy project policy and planning: A multiple stakeholder analysis.Energy Policy,84, pp.128-141. Piracha, A., 2015. eDevelopment-assessment as smart ePlanning for New South Wales (NSW) Australia. InPlanning Support Systems and Smart Cities: Proceedings of CUPUM 2015: The 14th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA, July 7-10, 2015(pp. 273-1). Potschin, M., Haines-Young, R., Fish, R. and Turner, R.K. eds., 2016.Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services. Routledge. Saaty, T.L. and Kearns, K.P., 2014.Analytical planning: The organization of system(Vol. 7). Elsevier. Setegn, S.G. and Donoso, M.C. eds., 2015.Sustainability of integrated water resources management: water governance, climate and ecohydrology. Springer. Sheng, Q.Z., Qiao, X., Vasilakos, A.V., Szabo, C., Bourne, S. and Xu, X., 2014. Web services composition: A decades overview.Information Sciences,280, pp.218-238. Williamson, W. and Parolin, B., 2013. Web 2.0 and social media growth in planning practice: A longitudinal study.Planning Practice and Research,28(5), pp.544-562.

Warren G. Harding Essay Essays - Warren G. Harding, Ohio

Warren G. Harding Essay Warren Gamaliel Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States, was born on November 2, 1865, on the family farm at Blooming Grove, Morrow County, Ohio. His parents were Dr. George Tryon Harding and Phoebe Dickerson Harding, descendants of pioneer Ohio families of English and Dutch ancestry. Warren was the first of their eight children-two boys and six girls. The Hardings were followers of the Baptist faith. By this time, the Harding family had moved to Marion, and it was there that Harding returned after his graduation, armed with a degree, a printer's rule, and determination to make his own living. He briefly tried teaching school, studying law, and selling insurance; all with limited success and gratification. As a student at Ohio Central College in the nearby town of Ibernia , Harding served as editor of the college paper and showed rich promise as a public speaker. In 1882, at the age of 16, he received the degree of Bachelor of Science and was "orator," political and literary representative of his class at the graduation ceremony. In 1891, Harding married Florence Kling DeWolfe , the daughter of one of Marion's leading citizens. That year they had planned and built the house that is now known as the Harding Home and Museum, at 380 Mt. Vernon Avenue. Harding began his political career with his election to the Ohio Senate, where he served two terms, from 1900-1904. In 1903, he was elected lieutenant governor, and his political skills matured as presiding officer of the upper house of the state legislature and brought even national recognition. A split in the Republican Party led to his defeat in his campaign for governor in 1910. He remained active in Republican politics and was selected to give the nominating speech for President William Howard Taft at the party's convention in 1912. He won the 1914 Republican primary election as a candidate for the United States Senate, and he was elected by a majority of 100,000 for the term 1915-1921. He had an honorable record in the Senate, broadening his knowledge of foreign affairs while serving as a member of the Foreign Relations Committee. In 1916 he presided as chairman of the Republican national convention in Chicago, and was selected to give the keynote address. Harding resigned from the United States Senate in December 1920, and was inaugurated twenty-ninth President of the United States on March 4, 1921. He was the seventh President born in Ohio. During the campaign he had promised to work for peace and prosperity, and he followed through on that promise. He believed in the ability of all Americans-regardless of race, color or creed-to take care of themselves if given the opportunity to do so. On August 2, 1923, Harding suffered a massive heart attack and died immediately. In some circles, rumors spread that his wife had poisoned him to prevent him from facing charges of corruption. Her refusal to allow an autopsy only fed the rumors. After a state funeral, Harding's body was entombed at the Marion Cemetery in Marion, Ohio.

The Best Time Management Tips for Busy Professionals

The Best Time Management Tips for Busy Professionals Running a business is no easy feat! As an entrepreneur, you need to handle intense workload in a dynamic business environment. No matter how much work you have, all you have got are just 24 hours to manage them all! What if you fail to cope up with the workflow within the stipulated time?Relax! You don’t need to get disappointed.Maybe you are trying your best, but there is always room for improvement. It’s high time that you master some time management techniques to run your business smoothly. If you don’t have a brilliant plan, you can’t manage your time effectively.When complex tasks seem to be daunting, take your time. Break extensive tasks into manageable parts. Delegate tasks to the experts, and get more things done in less time. Even if you can’t complete everything at once, at least you can make the progression steady. Proceed with the tasks in such a way, so that the progress can be measured periodically.Putting a plan in place will help you achieve today what you’d otherwise put off until tomorrow. Revisit the plan regularly and make adjustments to it when needed.Remember that true productivity isn’t measured by the amount of time you remain busy. It’s about how efficiently you can perform to achieve the desired result.Thinking how to manage your time effectively? We have made your work simpler!The VA team at MyTasker has developed a comprehensive infographic on 17 Time Management Tips for Busy Entrepreneurs. These tips will help you strengthen your business strategies so that you remain stress-free.Go through the following infographic and get to know how to manage your time effectively!

Getting Fit Dialogue and Reading

Getting Fit Dialogue and Reading Getting fit in English refers to doing exercise in order to feel better and live a more healthy lifestyle. People often go to the gym to get in shape or get fit. While theyre at the gym theyll do a wide variety of exercises such as push-ups and sit-ups. Its important to always do stretching exercises as well, these should be done both before and after you go to the gym.   At they gym, youll fid lots of equipment such as weight lifting machines, exercise bikes, ellipticals, and treadmills. Most health clubs also offer jogging tracks and areas for aerobics, as well as classes in fitness activities such as Zumba, or spinning classes. Most gyms offer changing rooms nowadays. Some even have whirlpools, steam rooms, and saunas to help you relax and unwind your muscles after a long hard workout. The important thing to remember when getting fit is that you need to be consistent. In other words, youll need to go to the gym on a regular basis. Maybe three or four times a week. Its a good idea to do a wide range of exercises rather than focus on just one such as weight lifting. For example, do fifteen minutes of stretching and aerobics, combined with a half hour of bike riding and another fifteen minutes of weight lifting on two days of the week. On the other two, play some basketball, go jogging and use the elliptical. Varying your routine will help keep you coming back, as well as help keep your whole body fit.   In the Gym Dialogue Hello, my name is Jane and Id like to ask a few questions about getting fit.Hi, Jane. What can I do for you? I need to get in shape.Well, youve come to the right place. Have you been doing any exercise lately? Im afraid not.OK. Well start off slow. Which type of exercise do you enjoy doing? I like doing aerobics, but I hate jogging. I dont mind doing some weight-lifting, though.Great, that gives us plenty to work with. How often can you work out? Twice or three times a week would be good.Why dont we start with an aerobics class twice a week followed by a little weight lifting? Sounds fine to me.Youll need to start slowly and build up gradually to three or four times a week. OK. What kind of equipment will I need?Youll need a leotard and some sneakers. Is that all? How do I sign up for the classes?Well need you to join the gym and then you can choose which classes fit your schedule best. Great! I cant wait to get started. Thanks for your advice.No problem. Ill see you in aerobics class! Key Vocabulary from Reading and Dialogue (do) exerciseadviceaerobicschanging roomellipticalequipmentexercise bikeget fit  get in shape  joggingjoinleotardpush up  saunasign upsit-upsneakersspinning classsteam roomstretchingtreadmillunwindweight lifting machinesweight liftingwhirlpool  Zumba More Intermediate Level Dialogues Making SuggestionsOn the TelephoneSeeing a DoctorDescribing a Friend - Uses of Like

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 11

Writer's choice - Essay Example Heatric initially developed this technique around 1980’s. Diffusion Bonding attaches together all the flow plates that are found in a Heatric Stack through the application of extremely high temperatures and pressures. The structural model of this technique does not allow any melting channels or deformation and therefore ensures that the models are completely bonded in the stack. In the Diffusion Bonding process, there is no brazing flux or metallic filers are applied to fill in the gaps between the plates. The resultant outcome of this process is high-intensity solid blocks of the original metallic sheets that contain the internal flow channels passing through the core of the metallic blocks. The Diffusion Bonding technique is applied in a number of industrial productions. This process of bonding provides numerous advantages, the main advantage being that it provides stronger bonding lines than other techniques. Sometimes, engineers equate the bonding line strength of this method to base metals. The Microstructure of the bonding line has the same atomic properties as the parent metals. Conversely, the Diffusion Bonding technique requires a strictly confined environment to operate. The technique demands that surfaces be cleaned thoroughly and be smoothened completely to free them from oxides and other impurities. It also needs very high levels of temperatures to facilitate the process of diffusion. In this technique, the strength of the bonded materials is achieved by way of applying pressure during the process of bonding. Strength is additionally attained through the application of extremely high temperatures and the period allowed for contact. Diffusion is the main contributor of the strength rather than any deformation of plastic materials. The fusion segment of the process additionally deals with high temperature flow characteristics and refined grain sizes. In attaining a tight

An investigation into why e-businesses fail Essay

An investigation into why e-businesses fail - Essay Example This dissertÐ °tion used multi-cÐ °se studies Ð °s there were numerous exÐ °mples of fÐ °iled online businesses Ð °s well Ð °s successful ones. The results of the cÐ °se studies hÐ °ve shown thÐ °t stÐ °ff with experience in mÐ °rketing is vitÐ °l to the success of the online business, Ð °s mÐ °rketing in online business encompÐ °sses most Ð °spects of the business, Ð °nd is not just confined to Ð °ttrÐ °cting Ð °nd retÐ °ining customers. MÐ °rketing Ð °n online business Ð °lso involves mÐ °nÐ °ging the website itself Ð °nd ensuring thÐ °t the technicÐ °l Ð °spects Ð °re contributing to the customer experience. In the cÐ °se studies, it wÐ °s cleÐ °r thÐ °t experience wÐ °s the key to success in online businesses, Ð °s experience would influence other fÐ °ctors such Ð °s mÐ °rketing Ð °nd business plÐ °ns. Some online businesses mÐ °y need professionÐ °l help in mÐ °rketing, but only if they hÐ °ve not expertise within the teÐ °m. There fore it wÐ °s more importÐ °nt to recognise Ð °nd identify the shortcomings of the online business model before setting up the online business. This seemed to be Ð ° greÐ °ter determinÐ °nt of success, Ð °s Ð ° well-thought out business Ð °nd mÐ °rketing plÐ °n would Ð °nd should include experienced Ð °nd quÐ °lified personnel. The dissertÐ °tion Ð °lso highlighted the importÐ °nce of business pÐ °rtnerships especiÐ °lly where the online business wÐ °s not Ð ° mÐ °nufÐ °cturer. Since the dÐ °wn of the internet, Ð ° lot of businesses Ð °nd individuÐ °ls set Ð °bout estÐ °blishing online businesses in Ð ° bid to Ð °mÐ °ss mÐ °ssive profits. However, Ð °ccording to CrÐ °ine (2001) since the yeÐ °r 2000 Ð °pproximÐ °tely 200 online businesses went out of the business Ð °ccounting for more thÐ °n 50% of business closures. This high fÐ °ilure rÐ °te is of concern to the business Ð °nd finÐ °nciÐ °l community; Ð °s such closures will Ð °lso Ð °ffect stock mÐ °rkets Ð °nd shÐ °res. Some of the online

Females and males had equal but complementary roles in traditional Aboriginal life Essay Example for Free

Females and males had equal but complementary roles in traditional Aboriginal life Essay The purpose of this report is to show that women and men shared many roles in Traditional Australian Aboriginal life. It is acknowledged that men and women were given equal and complementary roles when it came to ceremonies, hunting and gathering, raising and initiating the children, building shelter and throughout the leadership hierarchy. This is proved through evidence collected and presented in the following paragraphs. The roles of both men and women were important and neither was thought to be as more significant than the other. While men had certain roles and women had other roles, they complemented each other which made day to day life easier and more bearable for the group. There were many different types of ceremonies performed by the Australian Aboriginals. Some ceremonies performed were initiation ceremonies, funeral ceremonies, cleansing ceremonies and ceremonies to great other tribes or groups of Australian aboriginals onto their land. During initiation ceremonies, young boys and girls begin the journey to become a man or woman. They are often taken away from the group and left in the bush to be shown and taught by the elders. The elders will pass on the laws relating to their country, spiritual belief and the role and obligations they have within the tribe. [1] This ceremony is performed by both men and women and each role they play complements the other. While men look after the young boys and women look after the young girls, without their roles complementing each other, neither group would be able to co-exist. In funeral ceremonies, both men and women elders would smoke out a house where a person may have died. This is to rid their community of the potential of the deceased’s bad spirits coming back. They also find the last place the deceased person was and smoke it for the same reason. [2] During this ceremony, they would often cut open their own flesh to show their pain and sorrow because one of them had passed. They sung and danced to ensure the deceased’s spirit had left to return to its birth place where it was to be reborn into the world. [3]Without both the men and women complementing each other throughout this ceremony, they would not be able to be performed. Aboriginal people believe that when a person dies, their spirit goes back to the Dreaming Ancestors in the land. This is only possible if certain ceremonies and rituals are performed. They used dances and special songs in times of death or mourning periods. It is also thought that when a person dies they are one with the land again, so often, the aboriginal group will vacate the area that a group member died. It is unsure whether this is out of respect or out of fear that the spirit will return and haunt them. They will return to the place sometime within a year and bury the bones of their dead group member. All other ceremonies that are performed by the Australian Aboriginals were able to be performed by both male and female members of the group. Some also include other groups or tribes. It is known that the Australian Aboriginals were avid hunters. They had a very deep knowledge of their land and believe they were born of it. They also had great knowledge of water sources and seasonal changes which affect the type of food readily available to them. They were knowledgeable about certain foods which were poisonous to them and knew when and how to avoid them should they ever come across these foods. Both males and females made different but complementary contributions when it came to hunting and gathering. The roles of both men and women were complementary in that they worked together to gather food to prepare a meal. Women gathered things such as vegetables, eggs, honey, roots, fruit, and small reptiles such as snakes and goannas. Mostly, the men hunted larger animals such as emus and kangaroos as well as birds. [4] The preparing of such foods was done by both the men and women. It is believed that women were the main carers of young children in traditional Australian Aboriginal society. However, during initiation, the men took over the role of caring for the young boy so they could be taught the laws of the land. When a young boy was roughly six years of age, he would go and join the male adults to learn about hunting and food gathering while the young girls would remain with the women to learn about different things such as child bearing, child rearing and food gathering [5] Because of a combination of nomadic lifestyle and the regions sunny climate, aboriginal people believed there was no need to build shelters or dwellings. The shelter that was used in permanent camps consisted in a frame made from saplings, or straight branches, covered with materials that were available locally such as leafy branches or sheets of bark. In some areas the covering of the shelter was sheets of soft paperbark, which were pulled down from trees. In other areas they used bushes and leafy branches instead because the bark was not available. Australia has such a mild climate, most of the time, they would sleep in the open, and warmth was often provided by a fire or two. They would sometimes be accompanied by a dingo or camp dog, which would also provide warmth to the man or women who it slept beside. During the wetter and colder seasons, they sometimes used closed dome-shaped shelters which were made with a frame of different sized sticks bent over, which joined in the middle to make the dome shape. They were not very big, standing between one and two metres tall. The frame for these was covered with whatever materials that could be found locally such as sheets of bark, layers of soft grass and leaves. [6] Both men and women would collect and assemble the shelters used as well as the campfire. Sometimes they had daytime fires which needed protection from the wind, so they used bushes and branches as a windbreak. Women would gather the leafy branches and bark that is needed to make the roof while the men would gather the saplings and/or the straight branches used to make the frame. Another form of shelter used when available was small or shallow caves that were often hidden behind rocks or bushes. These provided natural shelter for the nomadic Australian Aboriginals. [7] Both men and women had various roles when it comes to leadership in the Aboriginal culture. Both genders would contribute in leading ceremonies, tribal or group meetings and hunting parties. Although it is often shown that men have the main role of being an elder, women also were elders. Elders were leaders of the group who shared knowledge of the laws surrounding the land and how each member of the group intertwines with another. Elders are valuable members of each aboriginal tribe or group as they bring the wealth of knowledge and pass it down generation to generation. While male elders bring knowledge of hunting bigger animals, laws of the land and initiation, female elders bring knowledge of child irth, food gathering and child rearing. The knowledge used by both male and female members of the group helps them to become one with the land. In conclusion, in Traditional Australian Aboriginal life men and women were proven to share roles and complement each other through various ways. Through raising children, hunting and gathering, ceremonies and in leadership they comple ment each others roles so that the tribe or group can exist harmoniously. While men seem to have the main role throughout the Australian Aboriginal culture, it has now been proven that without the complementary role of women, the group would not continue to coexist.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Mama as the Ideal Mother Es

Mama as the Ideal Mother in A Raisin in the Sun      Ã‚  Ã‚   W. S. Ross once said â€Å"The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world.†Ã‚   As simple as this quip may sound, its complex implications are amplified through the life of every person born since the beginning of humanity. What attribute makes a mother such an extraordinary influence over her young? One such attribute is the ability to nurture. Beyond the normal challenges of cooking, cleaning, schooling, singing, feeding, and changing is the motivation by which such sacrifices are made possible. One cannot raise a child without mutual respect. Emotion and anxiety must drive her instincts. Her ability to foster is only heightened by minute personal imperfections and overwhelming responsibility that lead to a lack of confidence. Yet the prevailing characteristic that separates a ‘birth giver’ from a ‘mother’ is the unconditional, undying, and at times underestimated love for her child. To be a mother in the purest sense, she must embrace this notion of nurture.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respect is one of the most sought after elements of society second only to money. Some must have it. Others need to command it. Without it hearts filled with dreams shrivel up like â€Å"a raisin in the sun†(1730). An example of such a circumstance is observed with the character Walter Lee Younger. He is the son of Lena Younger in the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. Walter is caught up with his dream to lead his family out of the ghetto by opening a liquor store (1736). He hopes to do so with an insurance settlement his mother will receive due to the death of her husband (1741).   Mama (Lena Younger) is opposed to the idea because of religious beliefs(1740). Walter then becomes li... ...ild. In the play, A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, Mama proves time and again that she is indeed an ideal mother.    Works Cited Brooks, Gwendolyn. â€Å"The Mother.† The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Myer. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 1081. Hadas, Rachel. â€Å"The Red Hat.† The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Myer. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 864-865. Hansberry, Lorraine. â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun.† The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Myer. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 1730-1793. Knight, Etheridge. â€Å"A Watts Mother Mourns While Boiling Beans.† The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 4th ed.   Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996. 972 Ross, W.S. . 1, Feb. 1998. Carolyn’s Universe  

Belonging †A Clockwork Orange Essay

The concept of belonging is essential. To belong is to form a connection which will allow a sense of identity, without this we lose our humanity; however, conformity is in a sense a facade of belonging, as it restrains our freedom and forces us to only mimic. My studied texts show how society demands us to conform, yet conformity prevents a sense of true identity being ever created. This notion is elaborated in the novel, A Clockwork Orange. Alex is a criminal who doesn’t belong anywhere within society. In the novel, the government attempts to suppress his criminality by physically preventing him from thinking of violence—thus making him conform to their standards. This is a prime example of how society attempts to make us conform to what is considered ‘normal’. Towards the end of the novel, the character F. Alexander tells Alex: â€Å"They have turned you into something other than a human †¦ being. You have no power of choice any longer. You are committed to socially acceptable acts, a little machine capable only of good. The quote shows us the central theme of the novel; if we cannot choose where we belong we lose our humanity—thus showing us the value of choice as well as the value of individuality. The metaphor and imagery of the title, a clockwork orange, symbolises what conformity does to a man. If we cannot choose where to belong we cease to be human but clockwork, or some type of mechanism. We need to be able to choose where we belong, for if it is not chosen its authenticity ceases. The novel ends with Alex choosing the path of goodness, the established normality of society. He states; â€Å"Perhaps I was getting too old now for the sort of life I had been leading, brothers† Alex chooses to belong to society, thus allowing a connection to be formed between him and the world. Conformity and the need to conform to a group or community is the central theme throughout both of the chosen texts I have studied, those being Strictly Ballroom and A Clockwork Orange. â€Å"Strictly Ballroom† also supports the fact that society attempts to make us conform to what is considered ‘normal’. The movie shows the disastrous effect conformity and fear have among members who gain their place inside the group at the price of conformity. Shirley Hastings, for example, lives a â€Å"life half-lived† cowering before what Barry Fife will say or think. She has let the Federation so dominate her that she has no respect for Doug and can only see her son Scott in terms of winning competitions. The movie represents belonging using a variety of techniques to distinguish between the world of artifice and the more realistic world. The image of the artificial world, shown as the ballroom world, is glitzy and colourful. Luhrmann has presented this world as having power, whereas the character of Fran, shown in plain clothes and reading glasses, is initially shown as powerless, because she does not conform to the ballroom world. The movie traces the shift from a world of false belonging dominated by conformity, fear and the cynical manipulations of the ultra-sleaze Barry Fife, towards the iconic last scene where the line between spectators and professional dancers blurs and is dissolved as Scott dressed in Spanish costume and Fran in Spanish-style red dress put passion back into dance, rescuing it from the deadening effect of the old brigade. Taking the similes of the two texts we can arrive at the conclusion that conformity allows us to become part of a functioning society but can in turn stifle individuality, expression and self-identity. I’ll leave you with two thoughts from â€Å"A Clockwork Orange†. â€Å"Goodness is something to be chosen. When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man. † And so I ask you, ‘Is it better for a man to choose to be bad than to be conditioned to be good? † That is both the crux of the issues involved and the decision we must all, as individuals, make.

A Misconception Punishment of Oedipus King of Thebes

In many plays a character could have a misconception of his or her world. In return this could destroy a major turning point in the story. â€Å"Oedipus Rex† by Sophocles is one of such story. At the end of the story Oedipus King of Thebes ends up banished forever from his kingdom. Additionally, Oedipus physically puts out his own eyes, for several reasons which will be discussed later. The question is: Did Oedipus deserve his punishments? There are many factors that must be considered in answering this, including how Oedipus himself felt about this situation. His blinding was as much symbolic as it was physical pain. After all factors have been considered, I think that only Oedipus’ banishment was the necessary punishment. It is important to keep in mind the whole basic reasoning for Oedipus' search for Laios' killers: he wished to put an end to a deadly plague, and that plague would only be stopped when said murderer is killed, or driven from the land (Sophocles 723). Consequently, when it is revealed that Oedipus himself murdered Laios, then banishment seems to be the only option. Death, in my mind, is not valid simply because of what it might do to the kingdom's people. Even though it seems that Oedipus has not been a particularly good monarch, in fact his only major accomplishment seems to be killing the Sphinx all those years ago; having a king put to death could have serious repercussions on the rest of the kingdom. So in the end, the only way to cure the affliction and keep the kingdom stable seems to be the banishment of Oedipus. In this case, the question of whether or not he deserved to be punished seems irrelevant; Oedipus' only goal was to stop the problem and by leaving, he has accomplished that goal. Banishment was the only choice. But what exactly was Oedipus being punished for? Even after re- reading the play, this still seems to be a gray area. Incest? Immoral to be sure, but Oedipus was obviously ignorant to his actions, and to my knowledge in Sophoclean times, there was no written law against it and therefore no punishment for it (â€Å"The Three Goddesses†4). Oedipus' punishment may have been for killing Laios, but how could you punish someone for being a victim of fate? Greeks believed at the time of the play's writing that a man's life was â€Å"woven† by the 3 fates (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos) and that he was irrevocably bound to that destiny (â€Å"The Three Goddesses† 2) . Knowing this and knowing that Oedipus became king of Thebes only because it was his destiny to murder Laios and kill the Sphinx, how could he rightfully be punished? Even Oedipus himself knows that his actions are not by choice, but by acts of the gods, he mentions this twice in the play: â€Å"Some savage power has brought this down upon my head† (745). As well as â€Å"My god, my god — what have you planned to do to me? † (755) Such quotes clearly show that Oedipus knew that he had no choice in his actions. With this approach alone, Oedipus is undeserving of any set punishments. Oedipus may not have been a particularly good man, but in the end he knew what was best for his kingdom: â€Å"Out of this kingdom cast me with all speed† (757) †¦ or only that would save his problems. Was that Oedipus' only punishment the play might have been quite a bit simpler, but Oedipus vigorously stabs his own eyes with Jocasta's dress pins. This was Oedipus' way of trying to punish himself, as well as an escape for him. Oedipus would no longer stare upon the faces of his issues, his brother (uncle? ) Kreon or even those of his children. He is plunged into a world of darkness. It must be noted that this was more than a simply punishment, though I'm sure that it was one of the ways Oedipus intended it. The physical pain alone seems to prove that. There are much easier ways of becoming blind to the world than stabbing one's eyes out. As I have stated before, Oedipus was blinded by his foolish pride long before the beginning of the story. He only realized the truth behind Laios' murder when it was right in front of his nose. He was by no means stupid, in fact he came off as quite a clever man, but his was a world of blindness because of pride and power. After concentrating on the two most obvious of Oedipus' punishments, but there is another one that may not seem so clear. Keeping in mind that Sophocles made it very clear that Oedipus was a man of so much pride that he may have thought of himself to be related to a god. However Oedipus basically stripped of that pride at the end of the play, then the true punishment was revealed. Oedipus' life was based on pride. It was what led him to the murder of Laios, which in turn led to the killing of the Sphinx, then led to his becoming king. As he continues on his particular way of life, Oedipus becomes more and more powerful, and as such, his pride also increases proportionately. He threatens both Teiresias and Kreon, and tries to untangle the mystery of Laios' death. What must go on inside his min d when he finds out that not only did he murder his father, the king, but he also slept with his mother? Knowing full well that his kingdom would eventually find out his acts, how could he hold his head up when walking through the city streets? How could his people respect and look up to a king who was a murderer and an incest committer? Oedipus is therefore stripped of his pride, the driving force behind his whole personality. He has been crushed, and that which he had so much of before has been denied him. Where he was once at one extreme, he is now at the other. To take away the very thing that drives a man is worse than any physical pain or even death itself. That is truly, as Sophocles intended it, Oedipus' ultimate punishment. When the curtain falls and the lights go out on Oedipus Rex, the king's punishments total three. Though in my mind at least, one far outweighs the other two, they are all important and they all contribute to the total experience of the Greek tragedy. In the end, I do not feel that Oedipus truly deserves the punishments he is handed, but that is only because of the fact that I place myself in the time period that this was written in, using the beliefs of that time for my own. If this story took place in modern times, Oedipus certainly would have deserved his punishment, but this idea is irrelevant because, quite simply, this did not take place in our â€Å"advanced† civilization. Oedipus was a victim of fate, incapable of free will, and as such he should have not been punished, save banishment only to cure the affliction.

The UnIslamic Nation Of Islam Essays - Nation Of Islam, Free Essays

The UnIslamic Nation Of Islam Essays - Nation Of Islam, Free Essays The UnIslamic Nation of Islam The mention of the ?Nation of Islam? will undoubtedly cause an immense number of responses in any situation. To some, this organization symbolizes blatant racism. To others, it is seen as a savior of the black community. Regardless of one?s opinion of the Nation, though, the differences between Al-Islam(traditional Islam) and the beliefs of the Nation cannot be denied. The Nation of Islam is a social movement. This social movement is undoubtedly rooted in religion, and its principles are derived from those of traditional Islam, but their basic philosophies are so strikingly different that the Nation of Islam cannot be considered Islamic. In 1930, the Nation was founded by an African immigrant who called himself Wallace D. Fard Muhammad. He stated that his mission was to take ?the black nation to the full range of the black man?s possibilities in aworld temporarily dominated by the blue-eyed devils?(forerunner.com/foreruner/X0065_Nation_of_Islam.html). This philosphy was carried on to the next leader of the Nation, Elijah Muhammad, and eventually to the current leader, Louis Farrakhan. The Nation was founded as a black organization, and has remained as such. Islam, on the other hand, is all encompassing. The first, and most astonishing, difference between the Nation and traditional Islam is the role of race in the church?s philosophy. the Nation?s philosophy clearly states that, ?We believe that intermarriage and race mixing should be prohibitted (www.noi.org/ program.html)?. The traditional wording of the Koran, however, states that diversity in race is one of Allah?s greatest creations(Koran, 30.22). The Nation of Islam restricts its membersip to those who are black. the beliefs of traditional Islam, however, state that all persons are born Muslim, and that ?every person is endowed by Allah with the spiritual potential and intellectual inclination that can make him a good Muslim.(4) The Islamic church ignores the issue of race when examining one?s spiritual purity. Rather, It is the spirit itself which defines a Muslim. Traditional Muslims and members of the Nation of Islam also differ in their definition of what it means to be Muslim. The belief in Islam is defined by five Pillars: shahada(the belief in only one Allah), salah(prayer), zakuh(obligatory charity), sawm(fasting), and hajj(pilgrimage) (www_leland.stanford.edu/group/Thinker/v2/v2n3/Saudi.html). Of these Five Pillars, the Nation of Islam requires none of its members. The shahada is rejected by the Nation because it belives that Wallace D. Fard Muhammad was Allah incarate. (noi.index) Salah, or the five daily prayers in the direction of Mecca, are also not required of members of the Nation(coolguy). Zakuh is rejected by the nation, as it believes charity is a ?way to benefit the dominant classes of the culture.(coolguy). Sawm is also not required of Nation members, nor is the hajj to Mecca(coolguy). (Ironically, it was the hajj of Malcolm X which led him to abandon his separatist beliefs, and to preach unity). The rejection of the five basic requirements of Islam is representative of the distances between the Nation of Islam and traditional Islam. Because of these differences, the Nation cannot be accepted as just another chapter of Islam, but it must be treated as a different and distinct religion. The third difference between the Nation of Islam and traditional Islam is the manner in which other religions and their members are regarded. Islam accepts the existence of all prophets from Moses to Muhammad. (Koran, 2:91) The Nation, however, believes that Wallace D. Fard Muhammad is the true prophet(Noi.program). Traditional Islam regards members of all religions as holy. The Koran states that, ?those who believe, and those who are Jews, and Christians, and Sabaeans-whoever believeth in Allah, and the Last Day doeth right- surely their reward is with their Lord, and their shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve?(2:62). Farrakhan, on the other hand condemns those of other religions and races. In a speech in January 1994, Farrakhan warned members of the Nation of Islam that ?they(the jews) are plotting against us even as we speak (www.strang.com/cm/stories/emmy/96tl.html).? He proposes that other religions are inferior to Islam, as well as proposing that different races are unequal. The Nation of Islam believes that the white race was created by a botched experiment of mad scientist named Yakub, 6,000 years ago(7). It is beliefs such as this which create the image of the Nation which is common to most: a racist organization which preaches Black supremacy. Some may argue that the often outrageous methods and beliefs of the Nation of Islam have done more good than harm. In 1996, Farrakhan organized the

Funny Friendship Day List of Quotes

Funny Friendship Day List of Quotes What is friendship without good-natured humor? You may have seen friends, who poke fun at each other, crossing all limits of decency. Does abrasive humor offend friends? Is there a shifting line of modesty between friends? How do you know when to pull the brakes when it comes to ribald humor? To an outsider, a crude joke between friends may seem offensive. You may wonder how friends can allow such indiscretion. What about self-esteem and dignity, you ask. However, you need to look deep into the core of friendship. When friendship is based on mutual trust, respect, and honesty, decorum and decency are merely superficial covers. True friends understand this at a subconscious level and dont feel threatened or insulted by their friends humor. The bond of friendship has enough resilience to absorb such shocks- some would argue that it grows stronger from it. Childhood Friends May Be the Closest Interestingly, it has been observed that childhood friendships are often more resilient than friendships formed later on in life. Children bare secrets to their closest friends, making pacts of secrecy to be honored till death. Also, children share an honest and open relationship with friends. Even years after friends grow into adults, childhood friends feel secure in each others company. So dont be surprised if you feel more at ease with your childhood friend, than you feel with your office colleagues. Sharing funny quips with friends who have a similar sense of humor doubles the potency of a joke. The sight of your friend rolling with laughter, after you shared a funny joke, makes you feel immensely satisfied. And if your friend is blessed with ready wit, he or she can add to the humor. Start Friendship Day With Humor Equip yourself with funny quotes, jokes, and anecdotes. Send out funny Friendship Day wishes and messages and spread the laughter. Give your friends a reason to smile with funny Friendship Day quotes. In the evening, catch up with a bunch of friends, and guffaw over a beer and barbecue. Hand out personalized Friendship Day gifts with Friendship Day quotes handwritten on them. Friendship Day Quotes Ralph Waldo Emerson A friend may well be reckoned the masterpiece of nature. Lord Samuel A friend in need is a friend to be avoided. Groucho Marx Outside of a dog, a book is mans best friend. Inside of a dog, its too dark to read. Erma Bombeck, Family: The Ties that Bind...And Gag! Friends are annuals that need seasonal nurturing to bear blossoms. Family is a perennial that comes up year after year, enduring the droughts of absence and neglect. Theres a place in the garden for both of them. Oscar Wilde A true friend stabs you in the front. Jim Hayes An old friend will help you move. A good friend will help you move a dead body. Ralph Waldo Emerson It is one of the blessings of old friends that you can afford to be stupid with them. Christian Slater I just killed my best friend... and my worst enemy. Whats the difference? Malcolm Bradbury Ive noticed your hostility towards him... I ought to have guessed you were friends. Bronwyn Polson Whoever says Friendship is easy has obviously never had a true friend! Groucho Marx When youre in jail, a good friend will be trying to bail you out. A best friend will be in the cell next to you saying, Damn, that was fun. Groucho Marx No one is completely unhappy at the failure of his best friend. Jerry Seinfeld, in The Bizarro Jerry Why would anybody want a friend? Jerry Seinfeld It reminds me of like this pathetic friend that everybody had when they were a little kid who would let you borrow any of his stuff if you would just be his friend. Thats what the library is. A government-funded pathetic friend. Erma Bombeck A friend never defends a husband who gets his wife an electric skillet for her birthday. Anne Lindbergh Men kick friendship around like a football and it doesnt seem to crack. Women treat it like glass and it falls to pieces. George Carlin One good reason to only maintain a small circle of friends is that three out of four murders are committed by people who know the victim. Bing Crosby There is nothing in the world I wouldnt do for (Bob) Hope, and there is nothing he wouldnt do for me ... We spend our lives doing nothing for each other.

Compare Financial alternatives for major purchases Speech or Presentation

Compare Financial alternatives for major purchases - Speech or Presentation Example the currently commercially available technologies (Americanrivers, 2011).The construction of dams also allow for the creation of many opportunities for water sports, the construction of campsites, hiking and biking trails as well as hotels, lodges, and many other businesses around the lakeshore. The increase in tourism in the area along with all the improvements in infrastructure around the area will help develop the local economy and benefit all surrounding communities. The subject of dam construction has been a hotly debated issue especially since the 1960’s when the environmental impact of dam construction started to be considered and analyzed. To start with constructing a new dam is an incredibly expensive and complex undertaking, usually with total project costs running into the billions and taking numerous years to complete (Pottinger, 1996). When a dam is constructed in a river system the whole balance of the ecosystem upstream and downstream of the newly constructed dam will be negatively affected or even completely destroyed as a direct consequence of disrupting the natural seasonal flow of the river system. Prior to the construction of the dam, the river has a natural flow that responds to the seasonal changes and brings a constant flow of debris and sedimentation that helps bring food and nutrients for all the natural wildlife living in the river system. After a dam is constructed the flow of the water is artificially limited and c ontrolled so the flow is usually constant and very restricted and only increased to decrease water levels or increase power production and does not correlate natural seasonal fluctuations. Furthermore all the sedimentation and the necessary food and nutrients carried with it will now be deposited in the impoundment upstream of the dam, destroying the ecosystem and killing most of the natural wildlife downstream. The evaporation rate of the river system will be significantly higher because of the vastly greater surface area

Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty of TESCO Essay

Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty of TESCO - Essay Example Tesco PLC is a public limited company in the retail industry and its headquarters is in the United Kingdom. Tesco is a general merchandise and British multinational grocery retailer. After Wal-Mart, it is the second largest retailer in terms of profit margins and is even the second largest retailer in terms of revenue growth in the world’s retail industry. Jack Cohen in 1919 invented the company as a chain of market stalls. The name of the brand ‘Tesco’ appeared in the shipment of tea that Cohen had purchased. The supermarket’s store that was about 500 in the 1990s is now approximately about 6350 located in various locations. Tesco expanded its business very rapidly and has a market share of about 30%. The countries in which the company has entered and is operating brilliantly are UK, USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Mainland China, Hungary, Czech Republic, Japan, Republic of Ireland, South Korea, Poland, Turkey, etc. The main idea behind the research study is to a nalyze the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty at Tesco. Customers are the most important factor behind the success or failure of a company. It is very much important that the organization takes effective measures to satisfy the customers and build a brand loyal customer base that would generate high revenues for the firm. Tesco through its market expansion strategy has become the market leader in UK retail industry. It has enhanced on its strengths and explored the possible opportunities and developed some innovative strategies to acquire the maximum percentage of the market share.

The NSW English k - 6 Syllabus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The NSW English k - 6 Syllabus - Essay Example It is believed that language goes beyond tangible meanings and explores the meanings of less tangible. In the education context, language is vital for comprehensive and utilization of knowledge. Stone, et al (2004) also noted that language is used to solve problems as a tool through its application in both written and spoken words. In fact, language is used as a learning tool which aids understanding. In light with these deliberations, language is viewed as a vehicle for educational development, which is categorized among the most crucial components for the acquisition of knowledge (Raban, Brooks, and Wolfendale 1995). Development is a necessity in learning, and which is facilitated by language through interaction and socialization. The verbalization of both personal and vicarious experience makes individuals evaluate and structure representations of reality. The role of language in learning Characteristically, children go to school with some degree of commonsense understanding of th eir environment. Once in school, children start engaging with books and other children both of their age and older children and even adults. This forms a distinction between utterances and meanings of things said at home and ones made at school. Studies have enumerated the importance of language in education, with many citing that when children learns a language, they not only engage in one kind of learning, but also ensures that, through learning language, they learn how to mean (Raban, Brooks, and Wolfendale 1995). It is also apparent that the language enables students to focus on the object of learning and distinguish it crucial features. Language is critical in structuring student’s awareness in order to become intellectually aware of learning. Language also makes meaning. The ability of teachers and students to negotiate to bring out meaning is well articulated through language (National Languages & Literacy Institute of Australia 1993). Language widens a, shared common ground between teachers and students. It is believed that there are specific conditions required for the learning of a specific object of learning. The manner in which these objects of learning are tackled, and the extent to which required conditions are expressed through language during a lesson or crucial in the learning of students (Raban, Brooks, and Wolfendale 1995). It is also worth noting that apart from general conditions such as light, space, some levels of learning activities necessary for learning, the element of language is of much help. Some students may be in a position to learn certain things through symbolic meaning while others may learn through affective guidance and explanation. The place of interaction in learning and the supporting role of the adult Interaction between the child and adult during early learning is of primary importance. Adults act as guidance in almost all activities undertaken by the children (Stone, et al 2004). Adults are supposed to encourage children to act decisively in their undertakings. In this regard, teachers may find it necessary to take advantage of play situations to teach children different concepts. Physical involvement of adults during play attracts children attention as they complement roles adults in the play. Sometimes children may create and assign adults roles, and this is the best opportunity for adults to interact with the children. Some social and emotional aspects of children may not be reflected during normal conversation or in classroom (Stone,

Mobile Robotic Arm Motivation Computer Science Essay

Mobile Robotic Arm Motivation Computer Science Essay Robotics is technology that deals with the design, construction and operation of  robots  that are used in numerous applications is called robotics. It has become an unstoppable force in the development of modern machinery as they make life easier. It is an interesting topic to dwell in as it is the future of mankind. Although we know them as recent inventions, the idea of automated or controlled machines has fascinated humans. With this fascination it motivated me to work on this project, building and programming a mobile robotic arm. It is my hunger to learn and attain knowledge that drives me towards this field of study for my project. C:UsersDanDesktopImages21042010(002).jpg Figure 1.1.1 : Mobile Robotic Arm 1.2 Introduction to Robotics Robotics is an interesting topic of research. Basically it is an engineering field that is concerned with research and creation of robots for various applications. Robots are machines that consist of electronic and mechanical parts such as gears and cogs put together for performing tasks in place of humans. They can be programmed to perform a whole range of tasks with ease. They are most desired for certain functions because they never tire, they can endure harsh physical conditions that is possibly life threatening and they never get bored or distracted from repetitious work. The number of robots has begun to increase in numbers everywhere as they make human labour almost non-existent with their efficiency and throughput. They can work with the simplest of materials to the most dangerous such as radioactive materials. They can be found more commonly in industrial use from production lines of factories to harvesting of fruits in orchards. In domestic use, from vacuum cleaning to lawn mowing where these domestic tasks have become boring for a human to undertake and would rather leave it to robots. In the more modern military use, robots play an important role to reduce human casualties from dangerous jobs such as bomb defusal and not forgetting space exploration where it might not be possible for humans to explore and for collecting terrain sample from foreign planets. For exploring enemy territories unmanned aerial vehicles are used from which these pilotless drones can search terrains for hostiles and fire on targets. Robots are meant to complete tasks that it is programmed to do. Programs can always be altered to suit the task at hand. As robots become more advanced they gain more features such as sensors and artificial intelligence as they become more human like. Examples of sensors include motion sensors, temperature sensors, light and many more various types. For example, in pathfinder robots we usually find a motion sensor which aids a robot in avoiding obstacles. In other applications for example in a water tank when the water has reached a certain level the sensor enables the robot to stop the flow of water. It can be used in industrial applications such as gripping objects from conveyor belts or it can be used in a more advanced role such as bomb defusal, where it would be dangerous for a human to interact. With camera attachments, humans can control these machines from a safe distance while completing the task at hand in a safe and efficient manner. In the medical field where a more delicate touch is required, a robotic arm can perform tiny incisions for a less invasive method. With a robotic arm jobs can be done with ease and efficiency and thus eliminate human errors and the costs that come with those errors. http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~dga/mech324/handouts/linkage_stuff/Mars_rover.png Figure 1.2.1 : Mars Rover 1.3 Objectives The aim of this project is to build a robotic arm for the purpose of lifting and moving small objects. It is just like a human arm with joints to facilitate movement. The end attachment features a gripper which is able to grab and hold objects and also a probe light in order to work in low light scenarios. The arm is controlled via wired remote. It is rested on a mobile base which is fitted with 2 rear wheels and 2 robot castors at the front. This allows the robot to move to the desired location where the object is. The objectives of this project are: To understand and develop core knowledge in robotics. To apply the knowledge of robotics and design a prototype. To implement the designs and build an actual prototype. Figure 1.3.1 : Project Layout End Insert Instruction Codes into PIC Test Prototype Evaluate Coding in relation to hardware design Write Codes Discuss Movement Concept Propose Objectives1.4 Design Stage Figure 1.4.1 : Design Flow Chart This simple flowchart can explain the overall process involved in this project. After the objectives have been proposed the robot movement and motion concept is discussed and after that the codes are written. It is downloaded into the microcontroller for testing. If testing fails we return to the code stage and evaluate the coding. The process reaches the end after testing passes. Chapter 2: Robot Overview 2.1 Hardware Design This aim of this project is to design a mobile robotic arm. The arm part consists of two joints which enable 2 degree of movement and at the end of the top joint is a gripper which enables objects to be gripped by the attachment. The base has two wheels at the back and at the front two robot castors which has ball bearings underneath. This project involves two parts which is hardware and software. However both parts are intricately connected and it is hard to actually separate them completely. This report will focus more on the software aspect. There will be some minor hardware introduction as understanding of the hardware is required to work with the software. Here is the component list for the hardware: Component Amount Microcontroller PIC18F4520 1 Motor Driver SN754410 1 4.7k Ohm Resistor 1 1uF Capacitor 4 0.33uF Capacitor 1 0.1uF Capacitor 1 L7805 Voltage Regulator 1 20MHz Oscillator 1 9 Volt Battery 1 C40R Servo Motor 3 C55R Servo Motor 1 Servo Holder 4 Servo U Bracket 2 SPG10 Geared Motor 2 42mm Wheels 2 Robot Castors 2 Table 2.1.1 : Hardware Components To write the software one must be familiar with the hardware functionality, configuration and settings. The hardware of significant importance would be the microcontroller as the program is stored there. It sends the signal to the pins where other devices are connected. One of those devices is the servo motor. It is what controls the arm and base. Actual control of the servos is by buttons. Those buttons are connected to the microcontroller and is able to control the servo thru programming of the microcontroller. It is done by generating and manipulating PWM signals which will be discussed later. PROJECT BOARD 20.0 cm 24.0 cm 10.0 cm 25.6 cmTOP PROFILE.jpg Figure 2.1.1 : Robot Layout 2.2 Software Design After the purpose and specifications are determined it is time to plan and design the software. Most modern robots are controlled by sophisticated software. Creation and modification of the software is crucial to make machines work the way we want it to. There are many ways a machine can be programmed. The software is usually stored in the heart of the machine which is either a microprocessor or a microcontroller depending on what the machine does and how it works. That device is the brains of the robot as all the instructions are stored there. The software is the link for the user to the hardware as the program relays the instructions to the robot in machine code. The user writes the program in computer language which will then be converted into machine code by the compiler. There are many computer languages available to write programs such assembly, C, Pascal, BASIC and FORTH. For this project the microcontroller that is used is Microchips PIC18F4520. The language used to program the microcontroller is C. C is a simple and procedural language and it has influenced many later languages such Java. It is generally variable and function based. Values are stored in variables for easy access and it is structured by defining and calling functions to perform tasks. C allows precise control of the input and output. The input and output can be easily directed to the microcontroller terminals. The IDE (integrated development environment) that is used for this project is MPLAB which is a 32bit program used for the software development of this project along with the MPLAB C18 compiler add-on to allow the codes to be written in C . This is the screenshot of the development environment: C:UsersDanDesktopFYP ReportimagesUntitled.jpg Figure 2.2.1: MPLAB IDE The general idea of writing the program is to control the pins of the microcontroller. The robot arm mechanism and the base mechanism will be separated for easier explanation. The arm is made up of the 1st stage, 2nd stage, the left gripper and the right gripper. Control of the servos is by generating PWM signals which will be discussed in detail in chapter 4. By manipulation of these PWM signals we can control the servo movement to a certain angle with great precision. For the DC motors in the base, it is controlled via motor controller. By manipulating logic combinations we will be able to control the movement and direction of the base. Infinite loop to check for button press A button is pressed Necessary routine or function is called to move servo/ DC motor End Figure 2.2.2 : General Software Flowchart This is a general flowchart to represent the program flow. A while loop with an infinite condition is used to continuously check if a button has been pressed. If a button is pressed it will call the necessary function to run the specific device whether it is the servo or the DC motor. Chapter 3: Hardware Information 3.1 Microcontroller This project makes use of Microchip Technologys PIC18F4520 microcontroller. Lets discuss in detail what is a microcontroller and how it makes this project work. Notice that a microcontroller is chosen instead of a microprocessor for this project for a number of reasons. To make the choice, one must know the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor in terms of functionality and application. Both are typically a small computer in the form of an integrated circuit which contains things like registers, memory, I/O, interrupts and timers. They vary in terms of number of I/O, registers, clock speed and memory size. Microcontrollers are usually for cases that involve a lot of input output devices in contrast to a microprocessor which is usually used for heavy data applications. So that means microcontrollers dominate the robotics and automation industry. Lets examine closely what it looks like and the detailed features for this particular microcontroller, the PIC18F4520. Its versatility, robust nature and features contributed to the choosing of this IC. The detailed features along with its operation can be found in the datasheet for the microcontroller. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP ReportimagesPIC18F4520IP.jpg Figure 3.1.1 : PIC18F4250 Parameter Name   Value   Program Memory Type   Flash   Program Memory (KB)   32   CPU Speed (MIPS)   10   RAM Bytes   1,536   Data EEPROM (bytes)   256   Digital Communication Peripherals   1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C)   Capture/Compare/PWM Peripherals   1 CCP, 1 ECCP   Timers   1 x 8-bit, 3 x 16-bit   ADC   13 ch, 10-bit   Comparators   2   Temperature Range (C)   -40 to 125   Operating Voltage Range (V)   2 to 5.5   Pin Count   40 Table 3.1.1 : PIC18F4250 Specifications Peripheral Highlights: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High-current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Three programmable external interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Four input change interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Up to 2 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules, one with Auto-Shutdown (28-pin devices) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM (ECCP) module (40/44-pin devices only): One, two or four PWM outputs Selectable polarity Programmable dead time Auto-Shutdown and Auto-Restart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module supporting 3-wire SPIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (all 4 modes) and I2Cà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Master and Slave Modes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enhanced Addressable USART module: Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN 1.2 RS-232 operation using internal oscillator block (no external crystal required) Auto-Wake-up on Start bit Auto-Baud Detect à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 10-bit, up to 13-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter module (A/D): Auto-acquisition capability Conversion available during Sleep à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dual analog comparators with input multiplexing) Power Managed Modes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Run: CPU on, peripherals on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Idle: CPU off, peripherals on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sleep: CPU off, peripherals off à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Idle mode currents down to 5.8 ÃŽÂ ¼A typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sleep mode current down to 0.1 ÃŽÂ ¼A typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Timer1 Oscillator: 1.8 ÃŽÂ ¼A, 32 kHz, 2V à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Watchdog Timer: 2.1 ÃŽÂ ¼A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-Speed Oscillator Start-up Flexible Oscillator Structure: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Four Crystal modes, up to 40 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 4X Phase Lock Loop (available for crystal and internal oscillators) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two External RC modes, up to 4 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two External Clock modes, up to 40 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internal oscillator block: 8 user selectable frequencies, from 31 kHz to 8 MHz Provides a complete range of clock speeds from 31 kHz to 32 MHz when used with PLL User tuneable to compensate for frequency drift à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secondary oscillator using Timer1 @ 32 kHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fail-Safe Clock Monitor: Allows for safe shutdown if peripheral clock stops Special Microcontroller Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ C compiler optimized architecture: Optional extended instruction set designed to optimize re-entrant code à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flash/Data EEPROM Retention: 100 years typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self-programmable under software control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Priority levels for interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 8 x 8 Single-Cycle Hardware Multiplier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT): Programmable period from 4 ms to 131s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programmingà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (ICSPà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢) via two pins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable 16-level High/Low-Voltage Detection (HLVD) module: Supports interrupt on High/Low-Voltage Detection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR With software enable option Here is a list of pins and how they are connected in the circuit. Pin Name Pin Number (PDIP) Functions MCLR 1 Reset RA1 3 Servo PWM Input RA2 4 Servo PWM Input RA3 5 Servo PWM Input RA4 6 Servo PWM Input VDD 11 +5V VSS 12 Grounded OSC1 13 Oscillator Crystal/External Clock Input OSC2 14 Oscillator Crystal/External Clock Input RC0 15 IN2 of Motor Driver RC1 16 IN1 of Motor Driver RC3 18 IN4 of Motor Driver RD0 19 IN3 of Motor Driver VSS 31 Grounded VDD 32 +5V RB0 33 Motor Push Button RB1 34 Motor Push Button RB2 35 Motor Push Button RB3 36 Motor Push Button RB4 37 Servo Arm Push Button RB5 38 Servo Arm Push Button RB6 39 Servo Arm Push Button RB7 40 Servo Arm Push Button Table 3.1.2 : Pin Connections C:UsersDanialDesktopFull Schem.JPG Figure 3.1.2 : Full Schematics 3.2 Motor Driver Figure 3.2.1 : SN754410 Motor Driver The SN754410NE is a quadruple half-H driver. The SN754410 can operate a pair of DC motors at the same time. It gives the robot bidirectional movements. It carries the peak output currents up to 1 ampere at a voltage range of 4.5 to 36V. The SN754410 has a minimum logic voltage of 4.5V and a maximum logic voltage of 5.5V. This driver is made to operate from a -400C to 850C. Drivers are enabled in pairs. Driver 1 and driver 2 are enabled by 1,2EN. Driver 3 and driver 4 are enabled by 3,4EN. When the input is low, the drivers are disabled and the outputs are off. If the input is high, the drivers are enabled and the outputs are on. Figure 3.2.2 : SN754410 Motor Driver Pinout Pin 1 (1,2EN) enables/ disables the motor Pin 2 (1A) is a logic pin for the motor Pin 3 (1Y) is for Motor A Pin 4, 5 are for grounding Pin 6 (2Y) is for Motor A Pin 7 (2A) connected to the motor Pin 8 (VCC2) connected to source for motor power Pin 9 (3,4EN) enables/ disables the motor Pin 10 (3A) connected to the motor Pin 11 (3Y) is for Motor B Pin 12, 13 are for grounding Pin 14 (4Y) is for Motor B Pin 15 (4A) connected to the motor INPUTS OUTPUT Y H = High Level L = Low Level X = Do Not Matter XX = OFF A EN H H H L H L X L XX Table 3.2.1 : SN754410 Function Table C:UsersDanialDesktopMotor.JPG Figure 3.2.3 : Motor Schematics 3.3 DC Motor This project will use the SPG10 Geared Motor that has 1.3 kg/cm torque. This motor is light enough to not weigh down the robot and only weighs 10 grams. It runs at 45 rpm. Figure 3.3.1 : SPG10 Motor C:UsersDanDesktopImages23042010(001).jpg Figure 3.3.2 : Motor Wheel 3.4 Servo Motor A servo is a mechanism used in robotic control systems. It is a mechanism that the user can set and forget. This is because of its ability to make corrections to return to its preset state if any changes occur. This is thanks to feedback operations. A servo is a casing that contains a DC motor, some gears with an output shaft, a variable resister that is connected to the output shaft, and a control board. The sensor mechanism allows the control circuit to monitor the current. The motor, through a series of gears, turns the output. The control circuit calculates the difference from the intended position from the current position the shaft is in. This makes the motor turn to its new position. If the control circuit senses that the position is accurate, it brings to a halt the motor. There are three connections to a servo; the power line, the ground line and finally the control signal. The servo needs to be told when to move and wont do so even if power is provided directly. The servo utilizes pulse width modulation (PWM) stream to indicate its position. Specification Servo Motor Model At 5 Volts Speed (s/60o) 0.19 Torque (Kg.cm) 6.00 Signal To Control Angle TTL PWM PWM At Min Angle (ms) 0.54 PWM At Max Angle (ms) 2.40 Operating Voltage (VDC) 4.8-6.0 Operating Frequency (Hz) 50.0 Moving Range(degree) 0-180 Wiring (Black/Brown Wire) Ground Wiring (Red Wire) 4.8-6.0 Volts Wiring (Orange/Other Wire) PWM Signal Table 3.4.1 : Servo Specifications C:UsersDanialDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure 3.4.1 : Servo Motor C:UsersDanialDesktopServo.JPG Figure 3.4.2 : Servo Schematic Chapter 4: Software Coding 4.1 PWM Generation PWM is simply the short form for pulse-width modulation. It is an efficient way to provide intermediate amounts of electrical power between fully on and fully off. This means PWM signals are digital, because at any instant given instant of time, the full DC supply is either fully on or fully off. PWM is employed in a wide variety of applications, ranging from measurement and communications to power control and conversion. Many microcontrollers include on-chip PWM controllers, like the one which is used this project, which makes this easy for controlling the servos for this project. One of the advantages of PWM is that the signal remains digital all the way from the processor to the controlled system and no digital-to-analog conversion is necessary. By keeping the signal digital, noise effects are minimized. Noise can only affect a digital signal if it is strong enough to change logic 1 to logic 0, or vice versa. PWM is the basis of controlling the servos in this project. Lets examine some basic theory. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP Reportimagespwm.gif Figure 4.1.1 : PWM Square Wave The diagram above shows a PWM signal that changes between 0 and 5 volts which is equivalent as digital logic 0 and 1. Notice that the waves are symmetrical. The uptime and downtime is 10ms when added together we get the period which is 20ms. Now that the basics are out of the way, lets look at how a normal servo signal input looks like. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP Reportimagespwm_servo.gif Figure 4.1.2 : PWM Wave Note that the servo runs at 50Hz frequency and therefore the period is 20ms. The uptime is what determines the angle of which the servo motor moves to. In simple words, we can tell the servo where to move with great precision. These are some examples for 180 ° servos. t = 0.9ms T = 20ms Angle = 0 ° t = 1.5ms T = 20ms Angle = 90 ° t = 2.1ms T = 20ms Angle = 180 ° The next step is to create these PWM signals using the PIC microcontroller. The PWMs is in this switch statement: switch(count){ //Choose which servo to modify case 1: PORTA = 0x02; // First Stage WriteTimer1( servo3 ); break; case 2: PORTA = 0x04; // Left Gripper WriteTimer1( servo1 ); break; case 3: PORTA = 0x08; //Right Gripper WriteTimer1( servo0 ); break; case 4: PORTA = 0x10; // Second Stage WriteTimer1( servo2 ); break; } Figure 4.1.3 : Switch Statement The operations for the timers are split in to 4 possible cases of how to generate PWM signal to the pins to power the servos. This is what the statement does:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //INTERRUPT CONTROL #pragma code InterruptVectorHigh=0x08 void InterruptVectorHigh (void) { _asm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //assembly code starts goto InterruptHandlerHigh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //interrupt control _endasm  Ã‚  Ã‚  //assembly code ends } #pragma code #pragma interrupt InterruptHandlerHigh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //end interrupt controlCase 1 turns PortA1 On and resets the timer1.   Case 2 turns PortA1 Off, PortA2 on and resets the timer1. Case 3 turns PortA2 Off, PortA3 on and resets the timer1. Case 4 turns PortA3 Off, PortA4 on and resets the timer1. Figure 4.1.4 : Interrupt Handler The switch statement is nested in the interrupt handler function. The interrupt handler handles the timer operations. The interrupt control runs assembly code and then calls the go-to function which is InterruptHandlerHigh. The interrupt controller is set at high priority 0x08. Once the interrupt control is correctly implemented interrupts is sent to the interrupt handler where we can do whatever operation necessary depending on the type of interrupt.   4.2 Arm Control void move(int one,int two,int three,int four, int five) { if(one) servo0 = one; // Right Gripper if(two) servo1 = two; // Left Gripper if(three) servo2 = three; // Second Stage Link if(four) servo3 = four; // First Stage Link }A move function is declared to make things easier when linking with buttons. The arguments of the move function are the respective position the servo moves to when it is called upon. Figure 4.2.1 : Move Function After the move function is declared it can be called when the specific button is pressed. //Arm Control if(PORTBbits.RB7==1) move(0xF03B,0xF477,0,0,0); //GRIP! if(PORTBbits.RB6==1) move(0,0,(servo2-0x0250),(servo3+0x0100),0); //MOVE AWAY if(PORTBbits.RB5==1) move(0,0,(servo2+0x0250),(servo3-0x0100),0); //MOVE TOWARDS if(PORTBbits.RB4==1) move(0xFA77,0xEE07,0,0,0); //UNGRIP! Figure 4.2.2 : Arm Button Check There are 4 buttons that control the movement of the arm. PortB pin 0: Close the gripper PortB pin 1: Move arm away PortB pin 2: Move arm towards PortB pin 3: Open the gripper C:UsersVictorDesktopImagesClose Gripper.jpg Figure 4.2.3 : Close Gripper This picture depicts a closed gripper state that is triggered by the button. The following figure is how the robotic arm will look when it is triggered to open both grippers. C:UsersDanDesktop22042010(007).jpg Figure 4.2.3 : Open Gripper 4.3 Base Control The only thing that needs to be controlled in the base is the 2 DC geared motors. It is linked with the microcontroller through the H-bridge. The motors rotational direction is determined by a combinational logic code as seen in the data sheet of the motor driver. It is the same with the servo, when a button is pressed certain commands will be executed. //Base Control if(PORTBbits.RB3==1) { //Forward control PORTCbits.RC1=1; PORTCbits.RC0=0; PORTDbits.RD0=1; PORTCbits.RC3=0; } if(PORTBbits.RB2==1) { //Reverse control PORTCbits.RC1=0; PORTCbits.RC0=1; PORTDbits.RD0=0; PORTCbits.RC3=1; } Figure 4.3.1 : Base Button Check (Forward/Reverse) if(PORTBbits.RB1==1) { //Left control PORTCbits.RC1=0; PORTCbits.RC0=1; PORTDbits.RD0=1; PORTCbits.RC3=0; } if(PORTBbits.RB0) { //Right Control PORTCbits.RC1=1; PORTCbits.RC0=0; PORTDbits.RD0=0; PORTCbits.RC3=1; } Figure 4.3.2 : Base Button Check (Left/Right) There are 4 buttons that control the movement of the base. PortB pin 4: Forward PortB pin 5: Reverse PortB pin 6: Move right PortB pin 7: Move left 4.4 Simulation C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure 4.4.1 : Watch Simulation The MPLAB software allows a minimal amount of simulation to show that the program is written correctly. Due to software limitation on the PIC18F4520 it is unable to correctly show port activities. However it does show variable activity like in the figure by using the watch feature in the MPLAB. This screenshot shows the stepping when reaching the OpenTimer1 function. A separate window opens to show the function and it will continue to step through the function until it is done. C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled1.jpg Figure 4.4.2 : Program Stepping The stepping continues while opening the necessary functions in a separate window and steps though it until it is done. It reaches the while loop and it keeps looping as it waits for a button to be pressed. Figure 4.4.3 shows the final stage of the program stepping. C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled3.jpg Figure 4.4.3 : Final Stepping Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendation 5.1 Summary This project has further expanded my interest and knowledge in the field of robotics. A project that is very hands on like this helps with the development of certain skills that would certainly help when I go on to become a professional engineer. The most important skill would be planning the stages of the project. To conclude, this project involved two phases which is the hardware design and software design. This report covered the software aspect in detail. In the early stages of this project different methods was planned for the outcome. At the start, the use of a PLC (programmable logic controller) was planned. However it proved to be infeasible in terms of cost and size. In the end it was decided that a PIC microcontroller was to be use as it is easier to implement with respect to the project and provides a great deal of functionality. The programming was made easier with the addition of the C compiler thus enabling the use of a higher level language which is C. With the use of a language of higher level it would be easier to implement features that were not possible using the PLC. 5.2 Recommendations In this project, certain improvements can be made in order to make things work more efficiently. For example, the quick movements seen in the arm is because of the incrementer seen in the codes and lack true control software. By revising the software and introducing more control oriented design it is possible to fine tune the speed. Instead of the 2 robot castors that make up the front motion it could be replaced with wheels and a servo in between them to make the movement and control similar to remote controlled cars. The wired controller could be replaced with a wireless RF controller to allow more freedom to the user. The body work could be improved by using sturdier and lightweight materials such as aluminium. Some sensors could be added to enhance the normal usage of the arm.